Environmental Fate of TFA

Atmospheric breakdown of HCFC-123, HCFC-124, HFC-134a and HFC-227ea is likely to produce traces of trifluoroacetyl halides (CF₃COCl or CF₃COF) in the atmosphere.

Trifluoroacetyl halides will hydrolyze in cloud water droplets or in surface waters. Within a few weeks, the trifluoroacetate, chloride and fluoride salts formed in cloud water will rain out. In surface waters, trifluoroacetic acid would also be present as trifluoroacetate ion (CF₃COO^-; TFA).

The process of TFA formation will make a negligible contribution to acid rain. There will be no significant addition to the chloride and fluoride already present in the biosphere from natural sources.

Based on current knowledge, TFA derived from these alternative fluorocarbons is expected to occur in rain and snow in very low concentrations. At these concentrations, TFA is not likely to have an impact on any of the wide range of organisms studied to date, which includes humans, animals, plants and microorganisms.

TFA appears to be resistant to biodegradation by the majority of natural or laboratory microbial systems that have been tested. However, laboratory study has shown that certain bacteria, under special conditions, can degrade TFA.

TFA has been detected at low levels in surface water, rain and tropospheric air samples^{⁽¹⁾⁽²⁾}. The source of TFA in today's environment is uncertain, but the breakdown of HCFCs and HFCs can explain only a tiny fraction of the observed levels in view of the small quantities of these alternative fluorocarbons produced and released to date.

An overall environmental risk assessment has been conducted on the basis of the data generated by the TFA studies. The results are published in Human and Ecological Risk Assessment.


*Will trifluoroacetate break down in the environment?*
	TFA appears to be very resistant to degradation by non-biological physicochemical processes. Its light-absorption properties make it resistant to photochemical breakdown. Other physicochemical loss processes that have been studied are extremely slow under environmental conditions. TFA salts are highly soluble and will not precipitate from solution at concentrations expected in the environment. Thus, the stability and solubility of TFA suggest that it will tend to remain dissolved in water. The bulk of existing data suggests that TFA is resistant to biodegradation in natural environments. However, certain bacterial strains maintained in the laboratory have been shown to degrade TFA with release of carbon dioxide. The fate of the fluorine atoms in this process is unknown.

*Will living organisms be affected by trifluoroacetate?*
	Tests have shown that mammals are not affected by TFA at concentrations many thousands of times higher than expected in the environment. With humans, some fluorinated drugs break down in the human body to form trifluoroacetate, which is rapidly excreted. Tests with fish and crustaceans show these organisms are also highly resistant to TFA. Because TFA has very low affinity for lipids (fatty materials), there is no potential for passive accumulation in fatty tissues, even after long exposure at low levels. Microorganisms that have been tested do not actively concentrate TFA from the environment. TFA does not inhibit the growth of bacteria and most of the algae tested, even at high concentrations. The growth of one species of alga was inhibited by TFA at concentrations about 1000 times above those expected in rain and snow. AFEAS-sponsored research has shown that plants take up TFA through the roots as well as through leaf surfaces. Trifluoroacetate has no known toxicity to plants at the concentrations at which it is expected to be deposited in rain and snow. In prolonged exposure, however, at concentrations several thousands of times greater than these levels, TFA inhibits plant growth and development.

References

(1)

Frank, H., A. Klein, and D. Renschen, Environmental trifluoroacetate, Nature, 382, 34, 1996.

(2)

Zehavi, D., and J.N. Seiber, An analytical method for trifluoroacetic acid in water and air samples using headspace gas chromatographic determination of the methyl ester, Analytical Chemistry, 68:3450-9, 1996.

TFA Risk Assessment

An overall environmental risk assessment has been conducted on the basis of the data generated by the studies. A summary is provided below. The results of the risk assessment and several review articles are published in the peer-reviewed literature.

Trifluoroacetic acid is a strong organic acid with a pKa of 0.23. It is miscible with water and its low octanol/water partition coefficient (log P_ow = -2.1) indicates no potential to bioaccumulate.

Industrial use is limited and environmental releases are very low. Some additional TFA will be formed from the breakdown of a few halogenated hydrocarbons, most notably HFC-134a (CF₃CH₂F), HCFC-124 (CF₃CHFCl) and HCFC-123 (CF₃CHCl₂). As these substances have only been produced in limited commercial quantities, their contribution to environmental levels has been minimal. Surprisingly, environmental measurements in many of diverse locations show existing levels of 100 to 300 ng.l^-1 in water with one site (Dead Sea) having a level of 6400 ng.l^-1. These levels cannot be accounted for based on current atmospheric sources and imply a long-term, possibly pre-industrial source. Generally, soil retention of TFA is poor although soils with high levels of organic matter have been shown to have a greater affinity for TFA when contrasted to soils with low levels of organic matter. This appears to be an adsorption phenomenon, not irreversible binding. Therefore, TFA will not be retained in soil, but will ultimately enter the aqueous compartment.

Modeling of emission rates and subsequent conversion rates for precursors has led to estimates of maximum levels of TFA in rain water in the region of 0.1 µg.l^-1 in the year 2020.

TFA is resistant to both oxidative and reductive degradation. While there had been speculation regarding the possibility of TFA being degraded into monofluoroacetic acid (MFA), the rate of breakdown of MFA is so much higher than for TFA that any MFA formed would rapidly degrade. Thus, there would be no buildup of MFA regardless of the levels of TFA present in the environment.

Although highly resistant to microbial degradation, there have been two reports of TFA degradation under anaerobic conditions. In the first study, natural sediments reduced TFA. However, even though this work was done in replicate, the investigators and others were unable to reproduce it in subsequent studies. In the second study, radiolabeled TFA was removed from a mixed anaerobic in vitro microcosm. Limited evidence of decarboxylation has also been reported for two strains of bacteria grown under highly specific conditions. TFA was not biodegraded in a semi-continuous activated sludge test even with prolonged incubation (up to 84 days).

TFA does not accumulate significantly in lower aquatic life forms such as bacteria, small invertebrates, oligochaete worms and some aquatic plants including Lemna gibba (duckweed). Some bioaccumulation was observed in terrestrial higher plants, such as sunflower and wheat. This result appeared to be related to uptake with water and then concentration due to transpiration water loss. When transferred to clean hydroponic media, some elimination of TFA was seen. Also, more than 80% of the TFA in leaves was found to be water extractable, suggesting that no significant metabolism of TFA had occurred.

At an exposure level of 1200 mg.l^-1 of sodium trifluoroacetate (NaTFA) - corresponding to 1000 mg.l^-1 HTFA - no effects were seen on either Brachydanio rerio (a fish) or Daphnia magna (a water flea). With duckweed, mild effects were seen on frond increase and weight increase at the same exposure level. At a concentration of 300 mg.l^-1 no effects were observed. Toxicity tests were conducted with 11 species of algae. For ten of these species the EC₅₀ was greater than 100 mg.l^-1. In Selenastrum capricornutum the no-effect level was 0.12 mg.l^-1. At higher levels the effect was reversible. The reason for the unique sensitivity of this strain is unknown, but a recovery of the growth rate was seen when citric acid was added. This could imply a competitive inhibition of the citric acid cycle.

The effect of TFA on seed germination and plant growth has been evaluated with a wide variety of plants. Application of NaTFA at 1000 mg.l^-1 to seeds of sunflower, cabbage, lettuce, tomato, mung bean, soy bean, wheat, corn, oats and rice did not affect germination. Foliar application of a solution of 100 mg.l^-1 of NaTFA to field grown plants did not affect growth of sunflower, soya, wheat, maize, oilseed rape, rice and plantain. When plantain, wheat (varieties Katepwa and Hanno) and soya were grown in hydroponic systems containing NaTFA, no effects were seen on plantain at 32 mg.l^-1, on wheat (Katepwa) and soya at 1 mg.l^-1, or on wheat (Hanno) at 10 mg.l^-1; some effects on growth were seen at, respectively, 100 mg.l^-1, 5 mg.l^-1, 5 mg.l^-1 and 10 mg.l^-1 and above.

TFA is not metabolized in mammalian systems to any great extent. It is the major final metabolite of halothane, HCFC-123 and HCFC-124. The half-life of TFA in humans is 16 hours. As expected, the acute oral toxicity of the free acid is higher than the one of the sodium salt. The inhalation LC₅₀ (2 hour exposure) for mice was 13.5 mg.l^-1 (2900 ppm) and for rats it was 10 mg.l^-1 (2140 ppm). Thus, TFA is considered to have low inhalation toxicity. The irritation threshold for humans was 54 ppm.

As one would expect of a strong acid, it is a severe irritant to the skin and eye. When conjugated with protein, it has been shown to elicit an immunological reaction; however, it is unlikely that TFA itself would elicit a sensitization response. Repeat administration of aqueous solutions have shown that TFA can cause increased liver weight and induction of peroxisomes. Relative to the doses (0.5% in diet or 150 mg.kg^-1.day^-1 by gavage) the effects are mild.

In a series of Ames assays, TFA was reported to be non-mutagenic. Its carcinogenic potential has not been evaluated. Although TFA was shown to accumulate in amniotic fluid following exposure of pregnant animals to high levels of halothane (1200 ppm), no fetal effects were seen. Likewise, a reproduction study that involved exposure of animals to halothane at levels up to 4000 ppm for 4 hours per day, 7 days per week, resulted in no adverse effects. Given the high levels of halothane exposure, it is unlikely that environmental TFA is a reproductive or developmental hazard.

Overall the toxicity of TFA has been evaluated in stream mesocosms, algae, higher plants, fish, animals and humans. It has been found to be of very low toxicity in all of these systems. The lowest threshold for any effects was the reversible effect on growth of one strain of algae, Selenastrum capricornutum, which was seen at 0.12 mg.l^-1. There is a 1000-fold difference between the no-effect concentration and the projected environmental levels of TFA from HFCs and HCFCs (0.0001 mg.l^-1). Based on available data, one can conclude that environmental levels of TFA resulting from the breakdown of alternative fluorocarbons do not pose a threat to the environment.

Bibliography

	Boutonnet, J.C., et al. "Environmental Risk Assessment of Trifluoroacetic Acid," Human and Ecological Risk Assessment, in press, Feb. 1999.